for loop
From cppreference.com
Executes init-statement once, then executes statement and iteration_expression repeatedly, until the value of condition becomes false. The test takes place before each iteration.
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[edit] Syntax
attr(optional) for ( init-statement condition(optional) ; iteration_expression(optional) ) statement
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attr(C++11) | - | any number of attributes |
init-statement | - | either an expression statement or a declaration statement, typically a declaration of a loop counter variable with initializer. Note that an init-statement must end with a semicolon. |
condition | - | any expression which is contextually convertible to bool or a declaration of a single variable with a brace-or-equals initializer. This expression is evaluated before each iteration, and if it yields false, the loop is exited. If this is a declaration, the initializer is evaluated before each iteration, and if the value of the declared variable converts to false, the loop is exited. |
iteration_expression | - | any expression, which is executed after every iteration of the loop and before re-evaluating condition. Typically, this is the expression that increments the loop counter |
statement | - | any statement, typically a compound statement, which is the body of the loop |
[edit] Explanation
The above syntax produces code equivalent to:
{
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Except that
1) Names declared by the init-statement (if init-statement is a declaration) and names declared by condition (if condition is a declaration) are in the same scope.
3) Empty condition is equivalent to while(true)
If the execution of the loop needs to be terminated at some point, break statement can be used as terminating statement.
If the execution of the loop needs to be continued at the end of the loop body, continue statement can be used as shortcut.
As is the case with while loop, if statement is a single statement (not a compound statement), the scope of variables declared in it is limited to the loop body as if it was a compound statement.
for(;;) int n; // n goes out of scope
[edit] Keywords
[edit] Example
Run this code
#include <iostream> #include <vector> int main() { // typical loop with a single statement as the body for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) std::cout << i << ' '; std::cout << '\n'; // init-statement can declare multiple names, as long as they // can use the same decl-specifier-seq for (int i=0, *p = &i; i < 9; i+=2) { std::cout << i << ':' << *p << ' '; } std::cout << '\n'; // condition may be a declaration char cstr[] = "Hello"; for(int n = 0; char c = cstr[n]; ++n) std::cout << c; std::cout << '\n'; // init-statement can use the auto type specifier std::vector<int> v = {3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9}; for (auto iter = v.begin(); iter != v.end(); ++iter) { std::cout << *iter << ' '; } std::cout << '\n'; // init-statement can be an expression int n = 0; for (std::cout << "Loop start\n"; std::cout << "Loop test\n"; std::cout << "Iteration " << ++n << '\n') if(n > 1) break; std::cout << '\n'; }
Output:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0:0 2:2 4:4 6:6 8:8 Hello 3 1 4 1 5 9 Loop start Loop test Iteration 1 Loop test Iteration 2 Loop test
[edit] See also
range-for loop | executes loop over range (since C++11) |